閱讀占整張卷子的60%，這也是我研究得最多的部分，首先說說閱讀用的材料，我自己是朱泰琪的《復(fù)習(xí)指導(dǎo)》，里邊的閱讀文章就是歷年真題，只是我當(dāng)時(shí)做的時(shí)候不知道，我覺得一上來接觸真題是可行的，怎么說呢，真題文章經(jīng)典，問題的難度也大，雖然做起來有讓人寸步難行的感覺，但這個(gè)時(shí)候剛剛開始復(fù)習(xí)，誰都不會(huì)去計(jì)較得分，重要的是在做完一遍以后回過頭來進(jìn)行精讀，分析長(zhǎng)難句的結(jié)構(gòu)，分析篇章的段落結(jié)構(gòu)，況且老朱的書每篇文章都附了譯文的，碰到覺得很好的句子也可以自己動(dòng)手翻譯，然后可自行對(duì)照尋找理解不妥之處，應(yīng)該說第一階段是最辛苦也最費(fèi)時(shí)的階段，但絕對(duì)是值得堅(jiān)持下來的。或許你會(huì)感覺怎么做了這么多練習(xí)，為什么還是和剛開始一樣，總要錯(cuò)那么多個(gè)，這很正常，英語學(xué)習(xí)是量變過程很長(zhǎng)的，我也是差不多花了四個(gè)月時(shí)間的基礎(chǔ)練習(xí)，加上暑假上輔導(dǎo)班從老師那里學(xué)到一些方法，才可以說找到了一些感覺，所以在做閱讀的過程中有不順利的千萬不要?dú)怵H，記住：貴在堅(jiān)持。我推薦一開始接觸真題還有一個(gè)原因，那就是如果上輔導(dǎo)班的話，你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)老師都是舉歷年真題里的例子來講解，分析得最多的也是真題里的文章，如果之前做過一遍自然有印象，結(jié)合自己的體會(huì)和老師的分析，應(yīng)該會(huì)有更深層次的收獲的。老朱的書讀完以后（只做了閱讀）我開始看石春楨的《220篇》，其實(shí)應(yīng)該有不少人罵這本書，我覺得主要是因?yàn)闀写蟛糠治恼逻x材和考研的文章不對(duì)路，考研基本是選議論文，石的書里記敘文居多且生詞奇多無比，但我個(gè)人是抱著提高的心態(tài)去看這本書的，也就是能記的超綱詞盡量記，不能記的也不勉強(qiáng)，文章后的題目一般不管，隨便選選，主要還是為了多練習(xí)一下分解長(zhǎng)難句的能力。在9月份以后我開始轉(zhuǎn)向應(yīng)試方面，買了一本郭慶民的《200篇》，我覺得這本書選的文章都不錯(cuò)，模擬的思路比較接近真題，這時(shí)我基本不再回過頭精讀，主要突破點(diǎn)放在了體會(huì)出題者的意圖上面，閱讀問題的類型相信大家都不陌生了，什么主旨題、細(xì)節(jié)題之類，總的來說先做細(xì)節(jié)題，因?yàn)樯婕暗臇|西可以在原文里找到，這里提一下，那就是千萬別險(xiǎn)入“比詞”的誤區(qū)，一定得把選項(xiàng)的意思讀懂吃透，再尋找相應(yīng)的段落，有人可能會(huì)說有些選項(xiàng)不能完全看懂，只能找其中的關(guān)鍵詞，殊不知這正是出題人的陰險(xiǎn)之處，其往往運(yùn)用同義轉(zhuǎn)換等手段移花接木，這就是我說需要進(jìn)行大量精讀破解長(zhǎng)難句的原因，以免只見樹木不見森林。主旨題一般是要明白作者的意圖，我個(gè)人的經(jīng)驗(yàn)是自己千萬別多想，文章中怎么表述的就順著去理解，因?yàn)橥鈬?guó)人說法一般比較直，委婉的很少，不需要拐彎抹角費(fèi)盡心思的去猜測(cè)。最多的就是這兩種，當(dāng)然其它還有詞匯題、推斷題等等，這些就是靠平時(shí)多看多積累來提高了，提問的詞匯你如果認(rèn)識(shí)那就再簡(jiǎn)單不過了，不認(rèn)識(shí)的話結(jié)合上下文語境來判斷一般也不難。還有一定要注意文中句子和選項(xiàng)在表達(dá)上是否有細(xì)微的差異，往往有些選項(xiàng)粗看上去是對(duì)的，和原文相差無幾，實(shí)則在某個(gè)不起眼的地方被動(dòng)了手腳，仔細(xì)體會(huì)的話就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)味道大變，舉個(gè)例子，05年閱讀講吸煙和溫室效應(yīng)那篇，第一道題問那些支持吸煙的人道理何在，這時(shí)注意選項(xiàng)A是說“沒有科學(xué)證據(jù)證明……”，但文章中表達(dá)的意思是“沒有足夠的科學(xué)證據(jù)……”，我注意到這個(gè)就毫不猶豫選C了，畢竟其它兩個(gè)比較好排除，答案從第一段的“That the antismoking lobby was out to destroy our way of life and the government should stay out of the way?”可以判斷出來，句子前的that實(shí)際上是前邊insisted的賓語，是吸煙的支持者們提出的說法之一。總之注意這些差別，別掉進(jìn)命題人設(shè)的坑里，其實(shí)我復(fù)習(xí)到最后都覺得出題人也沒太多的花樣，變來變?nèi)ゾ湍菐渍校灰约憾嘧⒁庀ば目偨Y(jié)，一定會(huì)有所收獲。
[3] Star 上海出版的星報(bào)，關(guān)乎文化的內(nèi)容比較多比如什么音樂會(huì)啊，展出啊，時(shí)下流行的東西啊。這個(gè)報(bào)紙也是我看它廣告看的最多的，呵呵，實(shí)際上，有時(shí)廣告簡(jiǎn)捷得你根本都不知道它在賣什么！多看看多想想，熟悉就好了；
[4] Beijing Reviews 是一個(gè)周報(bào)，個(gè)人覺得比較適合中等水平者！而且不是每天都有，哈哈，買報(bào)紙不可能每天都能看完——也幾乎是不可能的事。所以，周報(bào)正好看完新的就有了。
[5] China Today 是月刊（16開64頁，沒改版的話，我是前兩年看的多），廣州出版的，這個(gè)就是一個(gè)向外國(guó)人介紹中國(guó)的雜志。里面的內(nèi)容更有一些國(guó)外讀者面向性，這也很好啊。實(shí)際上就是在學(xué)習(xí)一種如何向外國(guó)介紹中國(guó)的問題。每期的內(nèi)容有時(shí)下經(jīng)濟(jì)、政治要聞（三二句話的，簡(jiǎn)捷表達(dá)），另外還有就是旅游景點(diǎn)的介紹，考古啊，美食（每期一個(gè)菜，當(dāng)然是英文介紹做法，想必很多表達(dá)都是我們很陌生的，比如什么炒煎煮炸之類……）。每期會(huì)主要介紹中國(guó)的一個(gè)城市，從文化背景到現(xiàn)在的狀況，發(fā)展啊，投資環(huán)境各個(gè)方面。哦，還有一點(diǎn)學(xué)漢語的章節(jié)（二三頁，你有興趣可以看看）
[6] Times 美國(guó)《時(shí)代周刊》這東西可就高深了。建議此前先把自己的詞匯量惡補(bǔ)一番——推薦一本詞匯書中國(guó)友誼出版公司的《時(shí)代英語單挑1000》。高深，是你對(duì)他的畏懼與景仰，當(dāng)你與之平起平坐時(shí)你會(huì)有種酣暢淋漓的感覺！他里面的表達(dá)地道的讓你不知道如何用言語去形容，甚至于漢語都變得蒼白（呵呵，這是我不大會(huì)翻譯的緣故，能體會(huì)無法言表。語言都是各有所長(zhǎng)，漢語自是意境取勝。）哈哈……扯遠(yuǎn)了。
附：
隨附上一些我的讀報(bào)筆記，或許你會(huì)更清楚我所說的。
* FISU: International University Sports Federation
* the opening ceremony, the closing ceremony
* ring down the curtain
* the one-China principle
* cross-straits relationship
* the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region HK SAR
* constitution, planned economy, the reform and opening-up policy
* the Fortune Global Forum
* truthfulness, goodness, tolerance; anti-science, anti-society, anti-humanity
* individual taste
... ...
and all that...作者: liko 時(shí)間: 2006-11-10 21:17 標(biāo)題: 某441分高人的英語復(fù)習(xí)經(jīng)驗(yàn) 說到英語，我現(xiàn)在終于相信一句話——付出就一定會(huì)有回報(bào)！我今年英語84分，這是我做夢(mèng)都沒有想到的，以下時(shí)我復(fù)習(xí)英語的若干經(jīng)驗(yàn)，希望能對(duì)大家有幫助。
閱讀占整張卷子的60%，這也是我研究得最多的部分，首先說說閱讀用的材料，我自己是朱泰琪的《復(fù)習(xí)指導(dǎo)》，里邊的閱讀文章就是歷年真題，只是我當(dāng)時(shí)做的時(shí)候不知道，我覺得一上來接觸真題是可行的，怎么說呢，真題文章經(jīng)典，問題的難度也大，雖然做起來有讓人寸步難行的感覺，但這個(gè)時(shí)候剛剛開始復(fù)習(xí)，誰都不會(huì)去計(jì)較得分，重要的是在做完一遍以后回過頭來進(jìn)行精讀，分析長(zhǎng)難句的結(jié)構(gòu)，分析篇章的段落結(jié)構(gòu)，況且老朱的書每篇文章都附了譯文的，碰到覺得很好的句子也可以自己動(dòng)手翻譯，然后可自行對(duì)照尋找理解不妥之處，應(yīng)該說第一階段是最辛苦也最費(fèi)時(shí)的階段，但絕對(duì)是值得堅(jiān)持下來的。或許你會(huì)感覺怎么做了這么多練習(xí)，為什么還是和剛開始一樣，總要錯(cuò)那么多個(gè)，這很正常，英語學(xué)習(xí)是量變過程很長(zhǎng)的，我也是差不多花了四個(gè)月時(shí)間的基礎(chǔ)練習(xí)，加上暑假上輔導(dǎo)班從老師那里學(xué)到一些方法，才可以說找到了一些感覺，所以在做閱讀的過程中有不順利的千萬不要?dú)怵H，記住：貴在堅(jiān)持。我推薦一開始接觸真題還有一個(gè)原因，那就是如果上輔導(dǎo)班的話，你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)老師都是舉歷年真題里的例子來講解，分析得最多的也是真題里的文章，如果之前做過一遍自然有印象，結(jié)合自己的體會(huì)和老師的分析，應(yīng)該會(huì)有更深層次的收獲的。老朱的書讀完以后（只做了閱讀）我開始看石春楨的《220篇》，其實(shí)應(yīng)該有不少人罵這本書，我覺得主要是因?yàn)闀写蟛糠治恼逻x材和考研的文章不對(duì)路，考研基本是選議論文，石的書里記敘文居多且生詞奇多無比，但我個(gè)人是抱著提高的心態(tài)去看這本書的，也就是能記的超綱詞盡量記，不能記的也不勉強(qiáng)，文章后的題目一般不管，隨便選選，主要還是為了多練習(xí)一下分解長(zhǎng)難句的能力。在9月份以后我開始轉(zhuǎn)向應(yīng)試方面，買了一本郭慶民的《200篇》，我覺得這本書選的文章都不錯(cuò)，模擬的思路比較接近真題，這時(shí)我基本不再回過頭精讀，主要突破點(diǎn)放在了體會(huì)出題者的意圖上面，閱讀問題的類型相信大家都不陌生了，什么主旨題、細(xì)節(jié)題之類，總的來說先做細(xì)節(jié)題，因?yàn)樯婕暗臇|西可以在原文里找到，這里提一下，那就是千萬別險(xiǎn)入“比詞”的誤區(qū)，一定得把選項(xiàng)的意思讀懂吃透，再尋找相應(yīng)的段落，有人可能會(huì)說有些選項(xiàng)不能完全看懂，只能找其中的關(guān)鍵詞，殊不知這正是出題人的陰險(xiǎn)之處，其往往運(yùn)用同義轉(zhuǎn)換等手段移花接木，這就是我說需要進(jìn)行大量精讀破解長(zhǎng)難句的原因，以免只見樹木不見森林。主旨題一般是要明白作者的意圖，我個(gè)人的經(jīng)驗(yàn)是自己千萬別多想，文章中怎么表述的就順著去理解，因?yàn)橥鈬?guó)人說法一般比較直，委婉的很少，不需要拐彎抹角費(fèi)盡心思的去猜測(cè)。最多的就是這兩種，當(dāng)然其它還有詞匯題、推斷題等等，這些就是靠平時(shí)多看多積累來提高了，提問的詞匯你如果認(rèn)識(shí)那就再簡(jiǎn)單不過了，不認(rèn)識(shí)的話結(jié)合上下文語境來判斷一般也不難。還有一定要注意文中句子和選項(xiàng)在表達(dá)上是否有細(xì)微的差異，往往有些選項(xiàng)粗看上去是對(duì)的，和原文相差無幾，實(shí)則在某個(gè)不起眼的地方被動(dòng)了手腳，仔細(xì)體會(huì)的話就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)味道大變，舉個(gè)例子，05年閱讀講吸煙和溫室效應(yīng)那篇，第一道題問那些支持吸煙的人道理何在，這時(shí)注意選項(xiàng)A是說“沒有科學(xué)證據(jù)證明……”，但文章中表達(dá)的意思是“沒有足夠的科學(xué)證據(jù)……”，我注意到這個(gè)就毫不猶豫選C了，畢竟其它兩個(gè)比較好排除，答案從第一段的“That the antismoking lobby was out to destroy our way of life and the government should stay out of the way?”可以判斷出來，句子前的that實(shí)際上是前邊insisted的賓語，是吸煙的支持者們提出的說法之一。總之注意這些差別，別掉進(jìn)命題人設(shè)的坑里，其實(shí)我復(fù)習(xí)到最后都覺得出題人也沒太多的花樣，變來變?nèi)ゾ湍菐渍校灰约憾嘧⒁庀ば目偨Y(jié)，一定會(huì)有所收獲。
（二）復(fù)雜復(fù)合從句
復(fù)雜復(fù)合從句，就是說這些句子不是單純的復(fù)合從句。復(fù)雜復(fù)合從句主要是因?yàn)榫渥又谐霈F(xiàn)省略，插入和倒裝等形式，從而加大了句子的難度。這也是考研英語為了加大難度常用的方式。在復(fù)雜復(fù)合從句中出現(xiàn)的省略一般主要是語法省略，語用省略一般很少。出現(xiàn)插入語，其實(shí)是指這些詞或短語的插入，使句子語法成分的聯(lián)系打斷，句子的整體性受到?jīng)_擊，從而影響了句子的理解。復(fù)雜復(fù)合從句中出現(xiàn)的插入語一般都是分詞形式或者介賓結(jié)構(gòu)。翻譯時(shí)，一般多可以翻為狀語，有時(shí)也可以翻為定語。出現(xiàn)倒裝時(shí)，越短的句子越難。因?yàn)榭梢詤⒖嫉男畔⒑苌佟＿@種句子可以先把從句和先行詞用一個(gè)代詞替換，然后進(jìn)行語序恢復(fù)。
背誦例句：
1．Many experts suggest that the child raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.
譯文：許多專家認(rèn)為：如果一個(gè)兒童在有許多刺激物的環(huán)境里長(zhǎng)大，而這些刺激物能夠開發(fā)其相應(yīng)的反映能力，那么這個(gè)兒童將會(huì)有得到更好的智力發(fā)展。
2．How well the prediction will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability, and approlpriateness of the information and on the skill with which it is interpreted.
譯文：這些預(yù)測(cè)在多大程度上會(huì)被后來的表現(xiàn)所證實(shí)，這取決于所采用信息的數(shù)量、可靠性和適宜性以及解釋這些信息的技能。
3．Immediately the army opened fire, killing four men and injuring the fifth who later died of his wounds.
譯文：部隊(duì)突然開了火，打死四人，還有一人受傷。后來此人也因傷勢(shì)過重死去。
4．The king, whose power is unlimited, and whose treasures surmount all real and imaginary wants, is compelled to ease, by the construction of the Great Wall, the satiety of dominion and tastelessness of a pyramid ,the satiety of dominion and tastelessness of pleasure.
譯文：那個(gè)權(quán)力無上、財(cái)富無竭的國(guó)王，只有通過修筑長(zhǎng)城來減輕自己對(duì)權(quán)力的厭倦和對(duì)歡樂的麻木。
5．Our hope for creative living in this world house that we have inherited lies in our ability to re-establish the moral ends of our lives.
譯文：我們希望富有創(chuàng)造性地生活在我們繼承的這個(gè)世界中，這種希望存在于我們重新建立道德標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的能力之中。
6．To us, a winner is one who responds authentically by being trustworthy, responsive, and genuine, both as an individual and as a member of a society.
譯文：在我們看來，成功者不管作為個(gè)人還是社會(huì)的一份子，他的真實(shí)表現(xiàn)都是可靠、靈敏、和真誠(chéng)。
二、成分省略
語言有個(gè)節(jié)省性原則。成分省略，主要是為了避免重復(fù)。一般的成分省略多為主語省略和謂語省略。這種省略屬于語法省略。但考研中一般是語用省略，也就是說是為了某中具體的表達(dá)目的而采取的省略。成分省略一般和從句相結(jié)合，一正一反，使句子變得富有變化和難于把握。但省略句也有一些出現(xiàn)頻率很高，因此需要熟記。
背誦例句：
It is quite unevering not to be able to see or to establish contact with the others ,even though we have learnt to talk with people we can not see, as on the telephone.
譯文：即使我們適應(yīng)了打電話這種看不見對(duì)方的交談方式，這種看不見也觸摸不到對(duì)方的對(duì)話還是讓人感到很不自在。
To American, being on ones’s own means that one is a fulling dependent functioning part of the whole capable and willing to make choices.
譯文：對(duì)美國(guó)人來說，個(gè)人的自立就是指這個(gè)人在集體中完全獨(dú)立并且又能發(fā)揮作用。他有能力而且也愿意作出自己的選擇。
In their hearts, women think it is men’s business to earn money and theirs to spend it—if possible during their hunsband’s live, but, at any rate, after his death.
譯文：女人們從心底認(rèn)為：掙錢是男人的事情，女人只管話花錢——可能的話丈夫在世時(shí)就花；不行的話，那就在丈夫去世后再花。
4．I can’t accept this fact because I know that if I wasn’t able to avoid a mistake, chances were that no other surgeon could have either.
譯文：我可以接受這個(gè)事實(shí)，因?yàn)槲颐靼兹绻叶疾荒鼙苊獬鲥e(cuò)，那么其他的外科大夫出錯(cuò)也就難免了。
5. With strong will, men can move mountain and fill seas.—and have.
譯文：憑借堅(jiān)強(qiáng)的意志，人類能夠移山填海。而事實(shí)上人類已經(jīng)做到。
6．The war finally came to an end ,but not before hundreds of thousands of people had died.
譯文：戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)終于結(jié)束，但卻是在千萬人在戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中喪生之后才結(jié)束。
三、使用插入語
插入語，是因?yàn)榉至蚜司渥拥慕Y(jié)構(gòu)而得名的，所以，這個(gè)術(shù)語主要是從語法功能角度出發(fā)提出的，對(duì)語法形式?jīng)]有多大考慮。插入語一般是主謂結(jié)構(gòu)或者介賓結(jié)構(gòu)。使用插入語主要是為了調(diào)整語氣和增加補(bǔ)充信息，并且更主要目的是為了平衡句子結(jié)構(gòu)，避免頭重腳輕。插入語是主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，一般都是“sb say/reason/suggest”這種格式，閱讀問題不大，翻譯時(shí)要提到句首。插入語是介賓結(jié)構(gòu)也是如此處理。定語從句和分詞做定語時(shí)，如果是插在主謂結(jié)構(gòu)之間也可以看作是插入語。考研翻譯中出現(xiàn)最多的插入語是用破折號(hào)插入的新話題或者補(bǔ)充信息。這種插入標(biāo)志很明顯，只是翻譯處理會(huì)有些棘手。另外，因?yàn)橐恍┚渥映煞郑ㄒ话闶嵌ㄕZ）過長(zhǎng)而出現(xiàn)后置，也可看作是插入現(xiàn)象。只不過這種插入只是句子原有成分間的位子變化，沒有新增成分。
背誦例句：
1．Science moves forward , they say ,not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools.
譯文：他們說，科學(xué)的進(jìn)步與其說源于天才偉人的真知灼見，不如說源于諸如改進(jìn)的技術(shù) 和工具等更為普通的東西。
Those，unaware of what is happening in society today may be surprised to learn that few academic philosophers study death, happiness and so on.
譯文：那些人不了解當(dāng)今社會(huì)發(fā)生的事情，所以發(fā)現(xiàn)現(xiàn)在的哲學(xué)家很少研究死亡和幸福之類的東西時(shí)會(huì)感到奇怪。
3.Most experts see in this a paradox -- an endless conflict between the desire to conform and the desire to remain apart.
譯文：大多數(shù)專家都從中看到一種矛盾，即從眾的欲望和試圖與眾不同的欲望之間的綿延不斷的沖突。.
4．Even being good at getting other people to fight for you and telling them how to do it most efficiently—this, after all, is what conquerors and generals have done --is not being civilized.
譯文：即使善于驅(qū)使別人去為自己打仗，并且告訴他們?cè)鯓哟虿抛钣行А@畢竟是征服者和將軍們干過的事——也不能稱其為文明行為。
5．Demonstrations are being staged in the town. where opposition is mounting to the construction of a nuclear waste storage plant near the river.
譯文：這個(gè)城市不斷發(fā)生示威游行，而且這種反對(duì)在河邊建造核廢料儲(chǔ)存廠的呼聲日高漲。
四、改變語序
改變語序，一般指倒裝。倒裝分為語法倒裝和修辭倒裝。考研難點(diǎn)一般在修辭倒裝。修辭倒裝主要是為了強(qiáng)調(diào)，一種是強(qiáng)調(diào)句子的表達(dá)重心，一種是強(qiáng)調(diào)一種表達(dá)語氣，比如命令語氣，假設(shè)語氣（虛擬語氣的倒裝屬于此類）疑問語氣和否定語氣。這些倒裝常和一些連詞或者副詞（如nor/so/only/never/until等）密切相關(guān)。下文所舉例子基本是從這個(gè)角度出發(fā)選擇出來的。
背誦例句：
1．So involved with the book do the boy become that his mother often have to force him to break.
譯文：那男孩對(duì)這本書如此著迷，以至于他的母親不得不總強(qiáng)迫他停下。
2．Only after studies provided evidence of the harmful effects of this program, has it been possible to modify TV programming policies.
譯文：除非研究提供證據(jù)表明這個(gè)節(jié)目有不良影響，否則電視節(jié)目的播放政策不會(huì)改變。
3．Lonely was seeing his son only once a month since the divorce.
譯文：離婚后，他每月只能看兒子一次。這使他感到孤獨(dú)。
4．Scientists do not know exactly how the virus damages the immune system, nor do they understand why the natural antibodies developed to destroy the virus are ineffective.
譯文：科學(xué)家們迄今未能確定這種病毒破壞免疫系統(tǒng)的機(jī)理，他們也不明白旨在破壞這種病毒的天然抗體為什么無效。
5．And never before has it been so undeniable that mutually beneficial international institutions of cooperation are a vital global necessity.
譯文：過去人們從來沒有這么堅(jiān)信各國(guó)互利的國(guó)際合作機(jī)構(gòu)是全球不可或缺的要素。
6．The material destruction of the war was not so great but that it could by this time have been repaired, had a good peace been made without delay.
譯文：假若當(dāng)時(shí)立即恢復(fù)了和平，戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)在物質(zhì)方面的破壞無論怎樣大，到一也能夠得到修復(fù)了。
7．He wrote a novel, and no sooner did he have the synopsis of a story ,but he would invite a crowd of his friends outdoors and read it aloud to them.
譯文：他寫小說時(shí)剛剛構(gòu)思出劇情輪廓就趕緊邀請(qǐng)一群朋友到野外，然后把劇情梗概大聲地念給他們聽。作者: liko 時(shí)間: 2006-11-10 21:19 標(biāo)題: 考研英語長(zhǎng)難句精析（二） 第二部分 歷年考研英語長(zhǎng)難句分析
英語考研試卷中，閱讀理解和翻譯共有50分，占到了全卷分?jǐn)?shù)的半壁江山。毫不夸張地說，把這兩部分做好，在英語考試中取得理想的成績(jī)便不再是奢望。那么怎么樣才能做好這一部分的試題呢？關(guān)鍵要通過大量的練習(xí)，增強(qiáng)閱讀英文句子，尤其是其中長(zhǎng)難句的能力。長(zhǎng)難句一般是指結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜難以理解的句子，也有一些其實(shí)結(jié)構(gòu)并不復(fù)雜，但因?yàn)榫渥雍荛L(zhǎng)也很容易讓人困惑。長(zhǎng)難句出現(xiàn)不多，但是常常大大增加我們理解的難度，成為我們獲取高分的“攔路虎”。下面就近八年來（2003年除外）考研試題中閱讀理解和翻譯中出現(xiàn)的長(zhǎng)難句都列出來，分析它們的結(jié)構(gòu)，指出其中的考查難點(diǎn)，并對(duì)如何恰當(dāng)翻譯它們給出建議，希望考生朋友能從中得到一些啟發(fā)。2003年試卷中的長(zhǎng)難句，
這里就不分析了，留給大家模考時(shí)候自己分析，同時(shí)檢驗(yàn)自己學(xué)習(xí)分析長(zhǎng)難句的成果。
1. Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class , an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners; and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business.
[句子主干]
Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased …
shareholders as a class, (which was) an element…
[語法難點(diǎn)]
本句是典型的非限定性定語從句，難點(diǎn)在其主語和賓語都有較長(zhǎng)的短語和of結(jié)構(gòu)限定，并且分句是由兩個(gè)and相連的3個(gè)部分組成的。分句an element…landowners 又帶有兩個(gè)定語從句，一個(gè)是（which was）representing… ，另一個(gè)是(which was)detached…。
可見，定語從句的難點(diǎn)在于經(jīng)常省略“引導(dǎo)詞+be”的結(jié)構(gòu)，從而在理解上容易和分詞結(jié)構(gòu)相混淆。
[句子翻譯]
對(duì)資本和企業(yè)的這種大規(guī)模的非個(gè)人操縱大大增加了股東作為一個(gè)階級(jí)的數(shù)量和重要性。這個(gè)階層作為國(guó)計(jì)民生的一部分，代表了非個(gè)人責(zé)任的財(cái)富與土地及土地所有者應(yīng)盡義務(wù)的分離，而且也幾乎與責(zé)任管理相分離。
[翻譯技巧]
實(shí)際上定語從句并不符合漢語的使用習(xí)慣。所以翻譯時(shí)遇上定語從句，一定不要機(jī)械地按照原來的順序生搬硬套。像這樣分句較長(zhǎng)的情況，把主句和分句拆為兩句是比較好的方法。所以這里從“這個(gè)階層”開始另起一句。
2．Towns like Bournemouth and Eastboune sprang up to house large. " comfonable" classes who had retired on their incomes, and who had no relation to the rest of the community except that of drawing dividends and occasionally attending a shareholders' meeting to dictate their orders to the management.
[句子主干] Towns…sprang up…classes who…, and who…
[語法難點(diǎn)]
1）有并列從句。分析句子主干很容易看到這也是一個(gè)典型的定語從句結(jié)構(gòu)，分句由who…,and who…兩個(gè)并列結(jié)構(gòu)組成。注意like并不是謂語而是介詞短語作定語，真正的主句謂語是sprang of。retire on指“依靠什么而退休（多跟表收入的名詞）”。
2）that of drawing dividends 結(jié)構(gòu)中，draw是收取的意思，dividend指紅利，that of sth結(jié)構(gòu)是名詞性的，that of sth相當(dāng)于which is結(jié)構(gòu)，目的都是修飾前面的名詞。注意后面還有attending…是省略了which were的定語從句，把of sth結(jié)構(gòu)和定語從句交替使用是英語中長(zhǎng)難句的慣用手法，目的是避免行文的單調(diào)，考生朋友們要注意分辨。
[句子翻譯]
像Bournemouth和Eastboune這樣的城市興起了，大批隱退的享樂階層人士靠自己的收入，在這里過著悠閑的生活。他們與群體之外的人沒有聯(lián)系，只是分取紅利，偶爾參加股東會(huì)議，對(duì)管理人員發(fā)號(hào)施令。
[翻譯技巧]
同樣是為了避開定語從句，將主句和分句拆為兩句。要注意幾個(gè)短語的理解。
retire on依靠……退休/have…relation…to與……有關(guān)系/up to 達(dá)到……的規(guī)模
3．Robert Fulton once wrote, "The mechanic should sit down among levers, screws, wedges, wheels, etc. ,like a poet among the letters of the alphabet , considering them as an exhibition of his thoughts, in which a new arrangement transmits a new idea. "
[句子主干]Robert Fulton once wrote, “The mechanic should sit down…, like a …, considering them as…, in which a…”
[語法難點(diǎn)]有省略。
1）like…分句是省略了who 的主語從句中的分句，considering…分句是現(xiàn)在分詞引導(dǎo)的狀語從句。這個(gè)狀語從句可以拿到句首，也可以在句尾。一般來說較長(zhǎng)的狀語從句置于句尾，較短的置于句首，為的是使句子看上去顯得簡(jiǎn)潔一些。
2）like分句中出現(xiàn)了比較多的省略，補(bǔ)全以后是who like a poet who is among the letters…。英語中的從句之所以是難點(diǎn)就是因?yàn)榇罅康厥÷砸龑?dǎo)詞。
[句子翻譯]
羅博特•富爾頓曾經(jīng)寫道，機(jī)械工將坐在杠桿、螺絲、楔、輪子等周圍，像詩人對(duì)待字母表中的每個(gè)字母一樣，把它們作為自己的思路展示，每一個(gè)新組合都傳送一個(gè)新概念。
[翻譯技巧]
如果嚴(yán)格地翻譯，like分句應(yīng)該譯為“像對(duì)待字母表中字母的詩人一樣”，原因是這個(gè)從句修飾的是機(jī)械工，應(yīng)該用詩人來對(duì)應(yīng)，但這樣一來，就不符合漢語的表達(dá)習(xí)慣了。
4．Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs. Others are reasonable cogogocience being to some extent self-accelerating.
[句子主干]
Some of these causes are reasonable results…, Others are consequences of advances…
[語法難點(diǎn)]
主語是some of these causes，實(shí)際的主語就是some，不過謂語是單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)則取決于of后面的成分是單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)。being to…是定語從句的分句結(jié)構(gòu)，意為“屬于”。
[句子翻譯]
在這些原因中，有些完全是自然而然地來自社會(huì)需求，另一些則是由于科學(xué)在一定程度上自我加速而產(chǎn)生的某些特定發(fā)展的必然結(jié)果。
[翻譯技巧]
這個(gè)翻譯比較簡(jiǎn)單，注意being to的翻譯即可。
5．This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail.
[句子主干]This trend began during …, when…,that…
[語法難點(diǎn)]
1）有套和從句。這個(gè)句子實(shí)際上是This trend began.其余的成分都是在起修飾和限定作用。在分析長(zhǎng)難句時(shí)一定要注意找出句子的主干，關(guān)鍵是確定句子的主語和謂語，只有這樣才不會(huì)被眾多的修飾成分所迷惑。
2）When引導(dǎo)的是時(shí)間狀語從句。第一個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的是修飾conclusion的定語從句，第二個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的是修飾demands的定語從句，wants前省略了which，是引導(dǎo)的修飾a government的主語從句。
[句子翻譯]
這種趨勢(shì)始于第二次世界大戰(zhàn)期間，當(dāng)時(shí)一些國(guó)家的政府下了結(jié)論，認(rèn)為：政府向科研機(jī)構(gòu)提出的具體要求通常是無法詳盡預(yù)見的。
[翻譯技巧]此句中短語較多。
come to the conclusion形成某種結(jié)論/make of提出/in detail詳細(xì)地
6．This seems mostly effectively done by supporting a certain amount of research not related to immediate goals but of possible consequence in the future.
[句子主干]This seems …done by supporting a certain amount of research not…but…
[語法難點(diǎn)]注意not…but句型，意為“不是……而是……”
[句子翻譯]
給某些與當(dāng)前目標(biāo)無關(guān)但將來可能產(chǎn)生影響的科研提供支持，看來通常能有效地解決這一問題。
[翻譯技巧]
嚴(yán)格說來，not…but結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)譯為“不是……而是……”，但這樣就顯得羅嗦，所 以譯為“與……無關(guān)”，但（另一些有關(guān)）。a amount of指“數(shù)量達(dá)到……”。be related to指“與……有關(guān)”。
7．However, the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with some of the world's more fascination and delightful aspects.
[句子主干]
However, the world is so made that…systems are …unable to deal with some of the …aspects
[語法難點(diǎn)]
so made指“如此構(gòu)成”，so和后面的that構(gòu)成so…that結(jié)構(gòu)，意為“如此……以至于……”。
be…(un)able to指“可以（或不可以）……”。
[句子翻譯]
然而，世界就是如此。一般而言，完美的體系無法解決世界上某些更加引人入勝的課題。
[翻譯技巧]
be so made that意為“如…構(gòu)成”，不符合漢語表達(dá)習(xí)慣，所以譯為“就是如此”。
in principle 總的說來/deal with應(yīng)付……
8．New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future as they have in the past, giving rise to new standards of elegance.
[句子主干]
New forms…as well as new subjects…must arise…as they have in the past, giving rise to…
[語法難點(diǎn)]有并列從句。
1)主語較為復(fù)雜，為并列結(jié)構(gòu)，分別是new forms和new subjects，中間用as well as連接。
2）as在這里引導(dǎo)了一個(gè)介詞結(jié)構(gòu)（as they have in the past），have的賓語省略了，其內(nèi)容與本句主語一致。
3)giving rise to…分句為非限定性定語從句的從句，省略了which are。
[句子翻譯]
同過去一樣，將來必然會(huì)出現(xiàn)新的思維方式和新的思維對(duì)象，給完美以新的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。
[翻譯技巧]as well as 和，以及/give rise to給……以機(jī)會(huì)
9．For Lloyd Nickson, a 54 year old Darwin resident suffering from lung cancer, the NT Rights of Terminally III law means he can get on with living without the haunting fear of his suffering: a terrifying death from his breathing condition.
[句子主干]For Lolyd Nicks, the NT Rights…means he can get on with living without…
[語法難點(diǎn)]
插入成分很多。此句實(shí)際上是個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句，其核心結(jié)構(gòu)為Rights means…，只不過添加了諸多限制結(jié)構(gòu)使句子看起來很復(fù)雜。”For Lolyd Nicks”為主句的狀語成分，“a 54－years old…cancer”為L(zhǎng)olyd Nicks的同位語。
[句子翻譯]
對(duì)于現(xiàn)年54歲居住在達(dá)爾文的的肺癌患者尼克遜來說，這個(gè)法案意味著他可以平靜地生活下去，而無須終日擔(dān)心將要來臨的折磨：因呼吸困難而在煎熬中死去。
[翻譯技巧]
同位語從句在漢語中很少出現(xiàn)，對(duì)同位語從句的處理就把它當(dāng)作定語從句即可。如此句中就將同位語成分作為前置狀語成分的主語的修飾成分即可。haunting fear指“向看到鬼一樣恐懼”，表示非常恐懼。
10．Someone traveling alone, if hungry, injured, or ill, often had nowhere to turn except to the nearest cabin or settlement.
[句子主干]Someone…, if…, often had nowhere to turn except…
[語法難點(diǎn)]
有省略現(xiàn)象。traveling不是現(xiàn)在分詞，而是引導(dǎo)修飾someone的定語從句。if引導(dǎo)的從句中均省略了“主語＋be動(dòng)詞”的結(jié)構(gòu)，這樣顯得句子簡(jiǎn)潔。
[句子翻譯]
獨(dú)自旅行時(shí)，如果沒有了食物，受傷了或者生病了，通常只能向最近的小屋或者村落求救。
[翻譯技巧]
直譯的話，應(yīng)該說人們“沒有其他地方，只有……”可得到幫助，但這樣寫的話顯得冗長(zhǎng)而且費(fèi)解，這里根據(jù)句意，譯為“只能向……求助”就比較準(zhǔn)確了。“turn”的用法比較靈活，意思很多，這里依據(jù)上下文，譯為“向……求助”。
11．We live a society in which the medicinal and social use of substances (drugs) is pervasive: an aspirin to quiet a headache, some wine to be sociable, coffee to get going in the morning, a cigarette for the nerves.
[句子主干]We live in a society in which…substances is pervasive…
[語法難點(diǎn)]
實(shí)際是簡(jiǎn)單句。此句句子雖長(zhǎng)，但是結(jié)構(gòu)并不復(fù)雜，可以從冒號(hào)開始分為兩個(gè)部分。理解的時(shí)候要有意識(shí)地把兩部分分開，個(gè)個(gè)擊破。
in which引導(dǎo)了一個(gè)定語從句。該從句的分句謂語動(dòng)詞是is而不是are，是因?yàn)樵谶@個(gè)從句中主語是use，而不是substances，這一點(diǎn)要注意分辨。
[句子翻譯]
在我們生活的社會(huì)里，物質(zhì)（藥品）被廣泛地運(yùn)用于社交和醫(yī)療：服用阿司匹林來緩解頭疼，喝酒來應(yīng)酬，早晨和咖啡來提神，吸煙鎮(zhèn)定情緒等。
[翻譯技巧]
該句冒號(hào)以后的內(nèi)容寫得很輕巧，很有文學(xué)性，我們翻譯的時(shí)候也不要強(qiáng)求字字照應(yīng)，而應(yīng)該也是比較靈活。如quiet不是“安靜”的意思，而是“鎮(zhèn)靜”的意思。作者: liko 時(shí)間: 2006-11-10 21:21 標(biāo)題: 考研英語寫作大攻略(一) 第一章 評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)及考生存在的問題分析
短文寫作評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是根據(jù)內(nèi)容、文字、句子和用詞來制定的，近幾年的評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)如下（供考生參考）：
寫作：1題，20分。
本題采用通篇分檔計(jì)分，計(jì)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)如下：
20－17分：內(nèi)容切題，包括題中所列三方面的內(nèi)容：清楚表達(dá)其內(nèi)涵，文字連貫；句式有變化，句子結(jié)構(gòu)和用詞正確。文章長(zhǎng)度符合要求。
16－13分：內(nèi)容切題，包括題中所列三方面的內(nèi)容；比較清楚地表達(dá)其內(nèi)涵；文字基本連貫；句式有一定變化，句子結(jié)構(gòu)和用詞無重大錯(cuò)誤。文章長(zhǎng)度符合要求。
12－9分：內(nèi)容切題，基本包括題中所列三方面的內(nèi)容：基本清楚地表達(dá)其內(nèi)涵；句子結(jié)構(gòu)和用詞有少量錯(cuò)誤。文章長(zhǎng)度符合要求。
8－5分：內(nèi)容基本功題，基本包含題中所列三方面的內(nèi)容；語句可以理解，但有較多的句子結(jié)構(gòu)和詞錯(cuò)誤。文章長(zhǎng)度基本符合要求。
4－1分：基本按要求寫作，但只有少數(shù)句子可理解。
0分：文不切題，語句混亂、無法理解。
從20份考卷抽樣分析，考生的寫作成績(jī)并不理想。要想寫出一篇高分作文須具備兩個(gè)條件：
一是扎實(shí)的英語語言基礎(chǔ)，二是掌握一定的寫作技巧。否則在40分鐘之內(nèi)完成一篇200字的優(yōu)秀作文是難以思議的。
●一篇好的作文應(yīng)基本達(dá)到：
1. 有較好的寫作基礎(chǔ)，文章流暢，遣詞造句不當(dāng)，文章結(jié)構(gòu)完整，內(nèi)容符合要求；
2. 語法基本正確；
3. 句法基本準(zhǔn)確，句子與句子段落之間過渡連貫；
4. 有一定詞匯量，字?jǐn)?shù)符合要求；
5. 說理清楚，內(nèi)容充實(shí)。
●一篇較差的作文表現(xiàn)為：
1． 文章不通順，無段落，無結(jié)構(gòu)，無明顯主題；
2． 出現(xiàn)很多基本語法錯(cuò)誤，拼寫錯(cuò)誤；
3． 詞匯量很小，詞不達(dá)意，缺乏英語表達(dá)能力；
4． 不像一篇文章，僅是把一些不連貫的詞語拼湊到一起。
通過對(duì)考生試卷所有作的抽樣分析，我們總結(jié)出考生主要存在一步到位問題：
1．不會(huì)審題。很多考生在著手做寫作題時(shí)并無審題和構(gòu)思的概念，有的擔(dān)心時(shí)間不夠，有的則是無從下筆，結(jié)果不是文不對(duì)題就是時(shí)間己過半，只好草草收?qǐng)觥?br />
2． 用漢語思維，逐字翻譯。有的考生對(duì)英語詞造句無把握，便用漢語構(gòu)思文章，同時(shí)將漢語句子硬譯英語，結(jié)果是非驢非馬，無法理解。
3． 用詞搭配不當(dāng)。英語語言是一大特點(diǎn)是其豐富的習(xí)慣用語和固定搭配，包括動(dòng)詞短語、介詞短語、形容詞短語等，例如（花費(fèi)很多時(shí)間做某事）“spend much time in…”不能改成“take much time in…”。詞與詞之間固定搭配是由歷史形成的，有的看起來不符合邏輯，但卻是地道用法。
4． 詞匯量小，拼寫困難。部分學(xué)生能在寫作中運(yùn)用的詞匯量太少，有的知道用法但拼寫不出來，結(jié)果 只能用中文取而代之，成績(jī)自然不會(huì)理想。
5． 句子邏輯關(guān)系混亂。部分考生因受漢語結(jié)構(gòu)的影響，對(duì)句子中主謂及狀語之間的位置安排不妥，造成邏輯混亂。例如：
Our English class often told stories.
應(yīng)改為：We often told stories in our English class.
6. 不會(huì)應(yīng)用關(guān)聯(lián)詞轉(zhuǎn)承上下句子和段落。關(guān)聯(lián)詞起過渡作用，使上下句子和段落合理，承上啟下，使表達(dá)合乎邏輯，同時(shí)結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，文章緊湊。例如：
People lean English to use it , Some learn it so study or work abroad . Others learn it to read books and magazines in English or have something to do with English-speaking foreigners.采用適當(dāng)關(guān)聯(lián)詞，改進(jìn)為:people learn English for practical purposes :some learn it to study or work abroad, while others learn it to read or communicate in English.
7. 語法錯(cuò)誤。語法錯(cuò)誤主要表現(xiàn)為：
i. 分不清及物與不及物動(dòng)詞，例如：rise和raise; hear和listen等
ii. 被動(dòng)與主動(dòng)語態(tài)的誤用，例如：interesting和interested; speaking和spoken 等；
iii. 詞類混淆，將動(dòng)詞或形容詞誤作名詞用，將名詞和動(dòng)詞誤作形容詞用等；例如：benefit和beneficial; difficult和difficulty; pleasure和pleased等。
iv. 混淆可數(shù)名詞與不可數(shù)名詞，例如:help, practice 等。
v. 冠詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞、介詞、代詞等方面的錯(cuò)誤，例如：a English book, should did, must done等。
一、主題句作文
主句作文也稱為段首句作文，要求考生在每段所給主題句基礎(chǔ)上加以擴(kuò)展，完成段落，再由段落組成文章。主題句作文是目前較常用的一種出題方式，它不像一般正規(guī)文章那樣要求具有開頭段和結(jié)尾段，一般只給出三句主題句，所以屬于一種簡(jiǎn)單的三段式作文。
Example 1
Title: Dictionary……
(1) The dictionary is a living teacher
(2) Skills will develop with your constant use of various dictionaries. ……
(3) But you should have one thing in mind……
Dictionary
The dictionary is living teacher. Whenever you come across a new word, just consult it and you will get a clear definition. Every student, whether attending school or self-taught, should always have a dictionary at hand. As a study aid, it is convenient, inexpensive and all-knowing.
Skills will develop with your constant use of various dictionaries The more you use them, the more familiar you will become with them. Sooner or later, you will be quite skilled in finding the page, scanning the entries and locating the exact meaning of the new words.
But you should have one thing mind. As a language student, you should never depend too much on dictionaries. Basic language skill do not come from dictionaries, but from your practice. Learn the language by listening, speaking, reading and writing more, and that is the only way to the mastery of a language.
Example2
Title: The Computer
(1) The computer is a wonderful machine
(2) Computers play an important role in our life
(3) However, many scientists don’s think that computers will replace us completely.
The Computer
The computer is a wonderful machine. It is the most important invention in many years.
Today it is used a great deal in various fields. Especially, it is useful in automatic control and data processing. And now it is finding its way into the home.
Computers play an important role in our life. They can do most of things people can do They can give you information on buying and selling things. Provide you with suggestion of how to deal with certain illness and how to solve the problems you are faced with. There is no doubt that people can live much easier with the help of the computers.
However, many scientists don’t think that computers will replace us completely. No matter how clever they may become, computers are no more that an extension for human brain.
Example
Title: The Telephone
Outline: 1. A useful tool
2. How to use it
3. The improvement of its use
The Telephone
The telephone is an efficient means of communication, which enables people to talk with each other over long distances. If you are overseas and your family is left behind, you may miss them now and then . Besides fishing out their photos, you can dial a long distance call and send your love to them. For business with another company, the telephone is the most convenient means for you to turn to. It saves much of your travel.
It is easy to learn how to use a telephone. First, take the receiver off the hook. Then listen for the dial tone . You can begin to dial the number you want when you hear a long steady signal. If you hear a rapid series of very short tones after dialing, the phone is “busy”. Each town has special emergency numbers for the fire department and police station, which are often listed in the front of the telephone directory.
People have mdae much improvement in telephone. For example, they can record telephone talks on tapes, use a radio telephone on a moving car or see the speaker by using the vision telephone.
三、圖表式作文
圖表式作文可綜合提供題目、數(shù)據(jù)、圖像、提綱，形式多樣，是一種控制性和應(yīng)用性更強(qiáng)的作文的出題方式，從寫作類型來看，基本上屬于說明文。考生要圍繞題目并將有關(guān)信息轉(zhuǎn)化為文字形式，這要求考生具有一定數(shù)據(jù)分析和材料歸納的能力，同時(shí)運(yùn)用一定的寫作方法。考研試題一般以三段式寫作方法來組織文章，第一段總結(jié)歸納信息反映的總的情況，點(diǎn)出主題思想，第二段回答第一段所得出的問題，對(duì)數(shù)字、數(shù)據(jù)等信息作出有條理的分析比較，第三段作出總結(jié)或給以簡(jiǎn)單評(píng)論。
Example1
Directions: Write a composition no Changes in People’s Diet. Study the following table carefully and your composition must be based on the information giver in the table. Write three paragraphs to:
(1) State the changes in people’s diet in the past five years;
(2) Give possible reasons for the changes;
(3) Draw your own conclusions.
You should quote as few figures as possible.
Changes in People’s Diet
Diet is very important in people’s life . From 1987 to 1990. people’s diet changed a lot . Grain was no longer regarded as the main food. And as the proportion of fruit and vegetables declined, the consumption of milk and meat increased.
What caused these changes? There are two reasons. One is that with the development of science, people began to realize the importance of maintaining a balanced diet. The other is that people had more money to spend and could afford more expensive food. They tried to change their low-priced diet into a more varied one. They were eager to build up a strong body by improving their living standards.
With the development of our economy and the improvement of our food supply, further changes will take place in people’s diet.
Example2
Directions: Write a composition based on the charts of the average family expenses in the United Stated. The opening sentence is given and you are required to develop it into a full composition.
The opening sentence: The average family income in the United States increased from 12,000 dollars per year in 1980 to 16,000 dollars in 1985.
The Average Family Expenses
The average family income in the United States has increased from 12,000 dollars per year in 1980 to 16,000 dollars in 1985. In the meantime, the structure of the average family expenses has changed, too. These graphs show the change clearly.
The biggest part of the average family expenses was housing. In 1980, the average family spent 25 percent of its income on housing. In 1985, expenses on housing rose to 32 percent. Food and drink were the second biggest part of the average family expenses .In 1980, about 18% of the average income was spent on this item. In 1985, the figure grew to 22%. As a result of such increase in the expenses on housing and food, expenses on other items have been reduced from 57% in 1980 to 46% in 1985.
Thus, a conclusion can be drawn that as income increases, people can improve their living step by step. But still the average family has to spend a large part of income to meet the essential needs.
Example
Situation: Students have different ways to spend their summer vacations, and you decide to take your summer vacation with your family in the countryside. Your feeling is quite different with the life in the city, so you think about it deeply.
A. Time limit: 40 minutes
B. Word limit: no less than 150 words
C. You essay should be written on the ANSWER SHEET II
How I Spend My Summer Vacation
Our summer vacation begins on July 15th and lasts nearly two months. Considering that my brain needs rest after a period of hard work, I, together with my family, went to our countryside, a very small farmhouse handed down from our forefathers, to spend the summer, Obviously, life in the country is very different from that in the city.
Early in the morning I took a stroll along the field side. The air was fresh and pure. With a dog following, sometimes I ran a race in the meadows covered with tall grass. Sometimes I climbed up the hill to see the sun slowly yet steadily emerge out of the eastern horizon. The birds also seemed to have awakened from their dreams, twittering restlessly among the bushes. In order to appreciate the quietness of the country, I gave myself entirely to among the bushes. In order to appreciate the quietness of the country, I gave myself entirely to nature, with a light heart and a happy mind.
Sometimes in the afternoon I, in company with my cousins, took a rod and went to the river to fish. It made the household happy when they saw me returning with a basketful of large fresh fish. When night came, I would sit at the door and tell the most marvelous and interesting stories to my cousins, who listened to the tale of wonder with open eyes and mouth.
I wish I could enjoy such calm, pure and beautiful rural life forever.作者: liko 時(shí)間: 2006-11-10 21:22 標(biāo)題: 05年考研試卷分析（一） 總體分析
42題如果只要上下一加就很明顯發(fā)現(xiàn)，42句上下出現(xiàn)最多的就是國(guó)家這個(gè)詞，空后文字非常典型，提到“But”national “doesn't have to mean that。很明顯這是一個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)折，表明42空所填的選項(xiàng)，要和這一句話形成轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，而且42空里面要出現(xiàn)“national”的定義，就是說很有可能要出現(xiàn)“national”這個(gè)詞。哪一個(gè)選項(xiàng)里面包含這個(gè)詞呢？“C”選項(xiàng)。“C”選項(xiàng)提到，national是什么意思。
Television is one of the means by which these feelings are created and conveyed-and perhaps never before has it served so much to connect different peoples and nations as in the recent
In Europe, as elsewhere, multi-media groups have been increasingly successful: groups which bring together television, radio, newspapers, magazines and publishing house that work in relation to one another.
Increasingly successful就是“越來越成功了”，相信大家都可以翻譯出來。前面的話幾乎可以照直翻譯，“在歐洲就像在其他地方一樣多媒體集團(tuán)越來越成功了”。當(dāng)然根據(jù)中文的表達(dá)可以把句子加以轉(zhuǎn)換，他說“歐洲和在其他地方一樣”，最好翻譯成“和其他地方一樣，歐洲的多媒體集團(tuán)越來越成熟”。下面半句話有一個(gè)定語從句離主干的句子比較遠(yuǎn)，在句子的末處，但是翻譯的時(shí)候必須要提前。
This alone demonstrates that the television business is not an easy world to survive in, a fact underlined by statistics that show that out of eighty European television networks, no less than 50% took a loss in 1989.
In dealing with a challenge on such a scale, it is no exaggeration to say, “United we stand, divided we fall”.
這個(gè)句子是這樣說的，“在應(yīng)付一個(gè)如此規(guī)模的挑戰(zhàn)過程中，我們可以毫不夸張地說，團(tuán)結(jié)，我們就會(huì)站起來；分裂，我們就會(huì)倒下去。”
Two months ago you got a job as an editor for the editor for the magazine Design fashions. But now you find that the work is not what you expected. You decision to quit. Write a letter to your boss Mr Wang.
Telling him your decision stating your reason(s) and make an apology
小作文范文：
Dear Mr. Wang,
I am writing to inform you about my decision to resign from my current position. A few factors are given to prove my decision and makes me feel intolerable first of all, the salary in reality is much lower than you have promised and you can see it is difficult for me to support such a big family with such a low salary. What is more, the office politics are so complex that I feel so uneasy because human relationship seems to be more important than your achievement. Most importantly, the office is located in the downtown area, yet I live in the suburbs, it is so inconvenient for me the commute for such a long distance and long hours.
I sincerely hope that you approve of my resignation. I am sorry for any inconvenience caused.
As is vividly depicted in the cartoon, three sons and a daughter treat their old, helpless father very badly and violently. The striking feature is that they each stand in a different corner of a football field and the eldest son kicks out the father, who huddles up into a ball. Surprisingly, the children all wear fashionable clothes which indicates that they are rich enough but they still intend to ward him off. The phenomenon that old people are abandoned caused our concerns and should be brought into focus.
Simple as the picture shows, yet the symbolic meaning subtly conveyed should be given into enough consideration. Recently, many grown-ups have who have the ability to support their parents and live a comfortable life Often neglected and abandoned their parents even though their parents live in great poverty and suffer great illnesses. As we can see, their parents must be hurt not only physically but also mentally and no longer have an enjoyable life and feel so isolated and humiliated. I think these children have betrayed their own conscience and see the gloomy future of their own if they will be treated the same way by their own children.
We should respect the old people and support them both physically and mentally. In the first place, being kind to old people is the Chinese virtue. In the second place, owe so much to our parents in that they not only gave us life but have done much in bringing us up. In order to solve the problem, efforts should be made to make old people under the responsibility of the young people. On the one hand, we should strengthen the people awareness that old people deserve to be better cared. On the other hand, it is demanding for us to strengthen the enforcement of laws to protect the old people' legal rights.作者: liko 時(shí)間: 2006-11-10 21:25 標(biāo)題: 暑假?gòu)?fù)習(xí)之名師輔導(dǎo)寫作 提問：您能不能對(duì)考研英語作文再做一個(gè)進(jìn)一步的介紹呢？
解題策略三：句子銜接六法則
連貫使文章的每個(gè)段落、每個(gè)句子甚至每個(gè)短語融為一體。段落一致與句子銜接是文章連貫
的兩個(gè)必要因素。
1)重復(fù)
在諸多句子中，后一句重復(fù)使用前一句子中的某個(gè)詞語。
As the saying goes,"All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy," but I've also heard people say "All play and no work makes Jake a dumb boy."中重復(fù)了使用了work, play, makes... boy等。
2)同義語：重復(fù)的詞語的同義語。
大綱樣題第一段第一句與第二句，'fishes, reptiles, birds, insects and some mammals’和‘the sea animals’屬于重復(fù)詞語的同義語。
3)反義語：使用反義語也可以實(shí)現(xiàn)句子銜接。
4)指代：使用代詞等手段來指代前面提到過的內(nèi)容。例如：“these,this”的使用。
5)列舉：使用明顯的順序標(biāo)記來彰顯各個(gè)意思之間的聯(lián)系。例如“First,Second,Third.
6)平行：重復(fù)某一句子的句子結(jié)構(gòu)。
解題策略四：尋找句子連接標(biāo)志詞六法則
1)同位：表明一致性、同一性。例如:that is, that is to say,in other words...
2)因果：表示邏輯性。例如：therefore, so, consequently, as a consequence, thus, as a result hence, because, since, for...
3)遞進(jìn)：表示連續(xù)性。例如：and, too, also, furthermore, moreover, in addition, besides, in the same way, again, another, similarly, a similar, the same...
4)轉(zhuǎn)折：表示對(duì)比關(guān)系。例如：but, yet, however, nevertheless, still, though, although, where-as, in contrast, rather...
5)讓步：表明作者意愿。例如：admittedly, I admit, true, I grant, of course, naturally, some believe,some people believe,once it was believed,there are those who would say...
6)舉例：表示從一般到特殊。例如：for example, for instance, after all, an illustration of, even, indeed,in fact, it is true, of course, specifically, to be specific, that is, to illustrate, truly...
解題策略五：段落銜接
詞可以幫助組織起段落的主要組成部分：
1）順序：表示先后，例如：First,Second,and Third.....
2）例證：解釋說明主題。例如：for example,for instance,one example of this is ,as another example,Another example of ...is that...
3）并列：表達(dá)一個(gè)問題的兩個(gè)方面。例如：On the one hand...,on the other hand...;However ...;Not only...,but also..
文章結(jié)論
結(jié)論是對(duì)文章進(jìn)行總結(jié)，多在文章的最后一段。結(jié)論段對(duì)文章的要點(diǎn)進(jìn)行總結(jié)，有時(shí)甚至是重復(fù)各個(gè)主題句，有時(shí)提出建議，發(fā)出呼吁，從而結(jié)束文章。
在某一標(biāo)題或主題的限定下而展開論述，我們一般情況下可以采用如下方法：
1．分類法：這種方法常用于闡述某一概念。它通過對(duì)概念中所包括的事物進(jìn)行分門別類，分別加以敘述，使考生對(duì)于這一概念獲得更為清晰的認(rèn)識(shí)。如：標(biāo)題中有"various forms of communication"等詞，那么，作者就可能將其分為oral speech，sign language，body language或other forms of nonlinguistic language來加以闡述。
2．例證法：即舉例法，指用典型、具體而生動(dòng)的事例來證明、闡述一個(gè)觀點(diǎn)，支持文章標(biāo)題。此種方法通常用于主題比較抽象的文章中，通過使抽象意義具體化而使文章通俗易懂并有說服力。
如：講如何學(xué)習(xí)，就可能舉幾個(gè)類似于如何記單詞的例子來使文章更加生動(dòng)、具體。
3．列舉法：就是在文章中用一個(gè)個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)來對(duì)標(biāo)題所體現(xiàn)的主題思想進(jìn)行說明的方法。列舉法的使用會(huì)使文章顯得思路清晰，有條有理。
4．因果法：即通過分析事物發(fā)展的原因和結(jié)果將文章標(biāo)題闡述清楚的一種方法。因果法有兩種：先因后果法和先果后因法。顧名思義，就是原因和結(jié)果在段落中出現(xiàn)的順序不同。
5．比較、對(duì)比法：即在文章中找出兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上不同種類的事物之間的共同點(diǎn)或不同點(diǎn)進(jìn)行闡述的方法。比較對(duì)比法有兩種具體寫作方法：一是進(jìn)行整體的比較和對(duì)比，二是進(jìn)行逐項(xiàng)的比較和對(duì)比。
二、根據(jù)標(biāo)題選內(nèi)容題型具體的解題方法
12．Dependence is marked first by an increased tolerance, with more and more of the substance required to produce the desired effect, and then by the appearance of unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the substance is discontinued.[句子主干]Dependence is marked first by…, with…, and then by…[語法難點(diǎn)]有并列從句和省略。With引導(dǎo)的是伴隨結(jié)構(gòu)作狀語，修飾的是整個(gè)第一分句描述的狀態(tài)。and引導(dǎo)的分句省略了謂語動(dòng)詞marked ，所以要注意其實(shí)該分句并不隸屬于第一分句，而是與之并列的結(jié)構(gòu)。[句子翻譯] 依賴的最初表現(xiàn)為耐受力增強(qiáng)，用量越來越大才能達(dá)到預(yù)期效果，一旦停用就會(huì)產(chǎn)生不舒服的癥狀。[翻譯技巧]有些同學(xué)遇上伴隨結(jié)構(gòu)就不知道如何翻譯了，其實(shí)只要按照原來的語序順次翻譯就是。13．But he talked as well about the “balanced struggle” between creative freedom and social responsibility, and he announced that the company would launch a drive to develop standards for distribution and labeling of potentially objectionable music.[句子主干]But he talked as well about …, and he announced that…[語法難點(diǎn)]該句沒有從句結(jié)構(gòu)，而是由and連接的兩個(gè)并列成分構(gòu)成。用would是因?yàn)楸磉_(dá)了某人的主觀態(tài)度和意愿。[句子翻譯] 但他也談到了創(chuàng)作自由與社會(huì)責(zé)任之間要“努力保持均衡”這一問題。他宣布公司將盡力對(duì)可能招致大眾反對(duì)的音樂制定各種發(fā)行和標(biāo)識(shí)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[翻譯技巧]雖然沒有從句結(jié)構(gòu)，但是由于句子太長(zhǎng)，有眾多的修飾成分，所以建議還是拆為兩句較好。14．Average inflation in the big seven industrial economies fell to a mere 2.3% last year, close to its lowest level in 30 years, before rising slightly to 2.5% this July.[句子主干]Average inflation…fell to a mere…, close to its…, before[語法難點(diǎn)]有省略。close to分句是非限定性定語從句，省略了which was。Before后面的成分是對(duì)全句的補(bǔ)充說明，是狀語成分。狀語成分可以置句首，也可以置句末，并無定規(guī)。之所以用rising，是因?yàn)檫@里需要一個(gè)名次性的結(jié)構(gòu)the inflation which was，這樣顯得簡(jiǎn)潔得多。[句子翻譯]七大工業(yè)國(guó)家的通貨膨脹率去年下降到了2.3%，接近30年來最低水平，今年7月才小幅上漲到2.5%，比許多國(guó)家70年代和80年代兩位數(shù)低了很多。[翻譯技巧]the big seven industrial economies是指西方七大工業(yè)國(guó)。close to是靠近的意思。fall to是“跌落至……”的意思。15．Economists have been particularly surprised by favorable inflation figures in Britain and the United States, since conventional measures suggest that both economies, and especially America's, have little productive slack.[句子主干] Economists have been…surprised by…and…, since…,and especially…, have …[語法難點(diǎn)]主句用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)have been…是因?yàn)榻?jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家長(zhǎng)時(shí)間以來關(guān)注，現(xiàn)在也在關(guān)注，是一個(gè)從過去持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作。Since引導(dǎo)的是表原因的狀語從句。[句子翻譯] 特別讓經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家感到詫異的是，英美兩國(guó)的通貨膨脹帶來的是良性的結(jié)果，因?yàn)閭鹘y(tǒng)的分析方法表明，兩國(guó)尤其是美國(guó)的經(jīng)濟(jì)生產(chǎn)幾乎沒有出現(xiàn)滑坡。[翻譯技巧]favorable表示的是“非常好的”，不是“非常喜歡的”，與個(gè)人取向沒有關(guān)系。productive slack是“生產(chǎn)滑坡”的意思。16．Actually, it isn't, because it assumesthat there is an agreed account of human rights, which is somethingthe world does not have.[句子主干]Actually it isn’ t, because it assumes that…, which is…[語法難點(diǎn)]有套合從句。本句為主從復(fù)合句。主句很簡(jiǎn)單，而because引導(dǎo)的原因狀語從句中，又有一個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。這個(gè)從句中，主語an agreed account of human rights由一個(gè)which引導(dǎo)的飛行定性定語從句修飾，而這個(gè)非限定性定語從句中又有一個(gè)限定性定語從句the world does not have來修飾something。[句子翻譯] 事實(shí)并非如此，因?yàn)檫@種問法是以人們對(duì)人的權(quán)利有共同的認(rèn)識(shí)為基礎(chǔ)的，而這種共同認(rèn)識(shí)并不存在。[翻譯技巧]agree為“約定的”意思，agreed account直譯為“約定的看法”，意譯為“共同的認(rèn)識(shí)”。可見翻譯中一定要結(jié)合漢語的語言習(xí)慣靈活轉(zhuǎn)換。an agreed account of human rights不可譯為“有同意的人權(quán)記錄”。此外，將不定代詞具體化，也更符合漢語習(xí)慣。17．Some philosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contract, as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements.[句子主干]Some philosophers argue that…, as part of an exchange of…[語法難點(diǎn)]該句仍為主從復(fù)合句That引導(dǎo)的賓語從句中，as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements充當(dāng)了補(bǔ)充語的角色。[句子翻譯] 有些哲學(xué)家論證說，權(quán)利只存在社會(huì)契約中，是責(zé)任與利益相交換的一部分。[翻譯技巧]要正確選擇contract的詞義，不要譯成從此“收縮，縮小”Argue不要譯成“爭(zhēng)論”，而要靈活處理成“論證說”。18．It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans, or with no consideration at all.[句子主干]It leads the discussion…: it invites you to think that…, or with…[語法難點(diǎn)]有并列從句和省略。冒號(hào)把句子分成兩部分，后一部分對(duì)前面部分作進(jìn)一步解釋說明。前面部分是簡(jiǎn)單句。后面部分是復(fù)合句。that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句中，主語是animals，謂語是should be treated，either… or…引導(dǎo)兩個(gè)介詞短語作狀語，either引導(dǎo)的介詞短語中，humans extend to other humans是一個(gè)省略引導(dǎo)詞that的定語從句。[句子翻譯] 這種說法從一開始就將討論引向兩個(gè)極端，它使人們認(rèn)為應(yīng)這樣對(duì)待動(dòng)物：要么像對(duì)人類自身一樣關(guān)切體諒，要么完全冷漠無情。[翻譯技巧]it 的所指要明確。leads thediscussion to extremes譯成“將討論引向兩個(gè)極端”，at the outset譯成“從一開始”。注意把被動(dòng)句譯為主動(dòng)句，更合乎漢語習(xí)慣。作者: liko 時(shí)間: 2006-11-10 21:33 標(biāo)題: 考研英語長(zhǎng)難句精析（六） 19．Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect, extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice.
[句子主干]Arguing from the view that humans are…, extremists of this…
[語法難點(diǎn)]
有套和從句。逗號(hào)前面是一個(gè)現(xiàn)在分詞短語，作狀語，里面又有一個(gè)that從句作the view的同位語，逗號(hào)后面的that從句是一個(gè)賓語從句。
[句子翻譯]
這類人持極端看法，認(rèn)為人與動(dòng)物在各相關(guān)方面都不相同，對(duì)待動(dòng)物無須考慮道德問題。
[翻譯技巧]
in every relevant respect譯成“各相關(guān)方面”，不要把respect 譯成“尊重”；extremists為極端主義者；let outside the area of moral choice譯成“不在道德范圍內(nèi)，不關(guān)乎道德”。
20．When that happens, it is not a mistake: it is mankind's instinct for moral reasoning in action, an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at.
[句子主干]When that happens, it is not a mistake: it is ….instinct…, an instinct that should be…
[語法難點(diǎn)]
以冒號(hào)為界，將全句分成兩個(gè)復(fù)合句。前面的復(fù)合句里，時(shí)間狀語從句when that happens敘述的是前一句to see…的情形的出現(xiàn)。That修飾這種行為，主句表明這種行為并不錯(cuò)。冒號(hào)后面的復(fù)合句解釋為什么。這里有一個(gè)that從句，作instinct的定語。
[句子翻譯]
這種反應(yīng)并不錯(cuò)，這是人類用道德觀念進(jìn)行推理的本能在起作用，這種本能應(yīng)得到鼓勵(lì)而不應(yīng)遭到嘲弄。
[翻譯技巧]
將that，it等代詞具體化，使譯文表達(dá)明確；reasoning不能譯成“原因”，而應(yīng)譯為“推理，推論”；in action不能譯成“在行動(dòng)中”，而譯成“在起作用”，action在此是“作用，性能”的意思；翻譯被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)，使用“得到”，“遭到”等，使譯文流暢自然。
21．The Aswan Dam, for example stopped the Nile flooding but deprived Egypt of the fertile silt that floods left - all in return for a giant reservoir of disease which is now so full of silt that it barely generates electricity.
[句子主干]
The Aswan Dam, … stopped the Nile flooding…but…
[語法難點(diǎn)]
有插入語。for example是個(gè)插入結(jié)構(gòu)，不是句子的主要成分。but后面省略了the Aswan Dam。注意so…that…結(jié)構(gòu)，是“如此……以至于”的意思。
[句子翻譯]
以阿斯旺大壩為例，它擋住了尼羅河的洪水，但也使埃及失去了洪水沖積的肥沃土壤，換回來的卻是一個(gè)病態(tài)的大水庫。現(xiàn)在水庫積滿泥沙，幾乎不能用于發(fā)電了。
[翻譯技巧]the Nile是尼羅河。All in return意思是“換回來的全部則是”。
22．The trouble is that part of the recent acceleration is due to the usual rebound that occurs at this point in a business cycle, and so is not conclusive evidence of a revival in the underlying trend.
[句子主干]The trouble is that…is due to …, and so is not …
[語法難點(diǎn)]
有套和從句。the trouble is that…是表語從句結(jié)構(gòu)。后一個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的是修飾rebound的定語從句。
[句子翻譯]
問題在于，近期的增長(zhǎng)一定程度上是因?yàn)樯虡I(yè)運(yùn)作周期漲落的結(jié)果，因此還不能得出經(jīng)濟(jì)已經(jīng)呈現(xiàn)復(fù)蘇態(tài)勢(shì)這一結(jié)論。
[翻譯技巧]
part of the recent acceleration不可譯為“一部分的最近的加速”，而是“最近加速部分是由于”。business cycle是指“商業(yè)周期”。
23．New ways of organizing the workplace all that reengineering and downsizing - are only one contribution to the overall productivity of an economy, which is driven by many other factors such as joint investment in equipment and machinery, new technology, and investment in education and training.
[句子主干]
New ways of … workplace…are only one contribution to…, which is…, and…
[語法難點(diǎn)]
有插入語。兩個(gè)破折號(hào)中間的成分為插入結(jié)構(gòu)，可以視為括號(hào)里面的內(nèi)容。Such as后面的內(nèi)容是對(duì)many other factors的列舉。在閱讀的時(shí)候基本可以跳過不看，除非后面有細(xì)節(jié)題考查這里的內(nèi)容。
[句子翻譯]
組織工作場(chǎng)所的新方法——包括機(jī)構(gòu)重組和縮小規(guī)模——只是促進(jìn)某個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)體的綜合生產(chǎn)率提高的一項(xiàng)措施，還有其他許多因素促進(jìn)生產(chǎn)率的提高，比如對(duì)機(jī)械設(shè)備的聯(lián)合投資、采用新技術(shù)、對(duì)教育培訓(xùn)投資等。
[翻譯技巧]
all that譯為“這一切包括”。overall productivity譯為“綜合生產(chǎn)力水平”。Joint investment譯為“聯(lián)合投資”。Drive譯為“驅(qū)動(dòng)”。
24．His colleague, Michael Beer, says that far too many companies have applied re engineering in a mechanistic fashion, chopping out costs without giving sufficient thought to long term profitability.
[句子主干] His colleague,…, says that… ,chopping out costs without giving…
[語法難點(diǎn)]
有省略。chopping out costs without giving sufficient …分句是非限定性定語從句。修飾的是前一分句的整體意思。without后面要跟現(xiàn)在分詞giving。
[句子翻譯]
他的同時(shí)邁克爾•比爾說，為數(shù)眾多的公司以簡(jiǎn)單機(jī)械的方式進(jìn)行機(jī)構(gòu)重組，降低了成本，但卻未能充分考慮長(zhǎng)期贏利。
[翻譯技巧]
far too many譯為“太多的（比實(shí)際需要）”。re-engineering in a mechanistic fashion應(yīng)譯為“以簡(jiǎn)單機(jī)械的方式”。chop out譯為“削減”。
25. As funding for science has declined, scientists have attacked “antiscience” in several books, notably Higher Superstition, by Paul R.Gross, a biologist at the University of Verginia, and Norman Levitt, a mathematician at Rutgers University; and The DemonHaunted World, by Car Sagan of Cornell University
[句子主干] As funding for science has declined, scientists have attacked…, notably…
[語法難點(diǎn)]
有省略。as引導(dǎo)的是表原因的狀語成分。as表“因?yàn)椤睍r(shí)只能放在句首。by后面的成分是舉例列舉的成分，和句子主題沒有什么聯(lián)系。閱讀的時(shí)候不妨跳過去，后面如果問到的話再回頭看不遲。
[句子翻譯]
由于科研經(jīng)費(fèi)減少，科學(xué)家推出幾本書來抨擊“反科學(xué)”傾向。其中值得注意的有弗吉尼亞大學(xué)生物學(xué)家保羅•R•格羅斯與拉特格斯大學(xué)數(shù)學(xué)家諾曼•萊維特合寫的《高級(jí)迷信》以及康奈爾大學(xué)的卡爾•薩根寫的《鬼怪世界》
[翻譯技巧]
antiscience意思是“反科學(xué)”。Higher Superstition譯為“高級(jí)迷信”。attack是“攻擊”的意思。作者: liko 時(shí)間: 2006-11-10 21:34
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